{"id":6303,"date":"2024-08-07T15:37:41","date_gmt":"2024-08-07T14:37:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/2design.co\/globals\/?post_type=report&#038;p=6303"},"modified":"2024-10-18T13:43:25","modified_gmt":"2024-10-18T12:43:25","slug":"how-governments-can-better-govern-global-catastrophic-risk","status":"publish","type":"report","link":"https:\/\/2design.co\/globals\/report\/how-governments-can-better-govern-global-catastrophic-risk\/","title":{"rendered":"How governments can better govern global catastrophic risk"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"6303\" class=\"elementor elementor-6303\" data-elementor-post-type=\"report\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ee660ca e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4ee660ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-571d54a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"571d54a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d8dc5c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1d8dc5c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How governments can better govern global catastrophic risk<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-309ebf8e elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"309ebf8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/2design.co\/globals\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Global-Shield-How-governments-can-better-govern-global-catastrophic-risk-August-2024.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download the report<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-266f9bda e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"266f9bda\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f6bafd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3f6bafd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Executive Summary<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48853848 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"48853848\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d7610a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7d7610a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Governments around the world have not adequately developed policies that reduce global catastrophic risk (GCR). The concrete actions required would ensure that the government can better understand, prevent and prepare for GCR. To the extent that governments are attempting to reduce GCR, their efforts are focused on specific threats, such as asteroid detection or pandemic preparedness.<\/p><p>As a result, governments do not look to reduce GCR with a strategic or holistic policy approach. Comprehensive global catastrophic risk reduction is not a priority, and there are no mechanisms to oversee, develop and implement GCR policy. Indeed, for most countries, national-level risk is not prioritized or managed in a strategic or holistic manner. The basic foundation for risk management \u2013 risk governance \u2013 is missing.\u00a0<\/p><p>Risk governance is a standard part of any risk management program. The UN Office of Disaster Risk Reduction defines risk governance as \u201cthe system of institutions, mechanisms, policy and legal frameworks and other arrangements to guide, coordinate and oversee disaster risk reduction and related areas of policy.\u201d The US Department of Homeland Security defines it as \u201cActors, rules, practices, processes, and mechanisms concerned with how risk is analyzed, managed, and communicated\u201d.<\/p><p>In short, risk governance encompasses the organizational functions of government that guide, coordinate and oversee risk reduction efforts. It ensures that risk management across government is appropriately organized, structured, managed, resourced and delivered. It ensures that risk management is not just a siloed activity but a strategic and coordinated effort that supports the government\u2019s objectives<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11f1646b elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_content_accordion\" data-id=\"11f1646b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_content_accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Content Accordion -->\n\t\t<link id='font-awesome-css' href='https:\/\/2design.co\/globals\/wp-content\/plugins\/unlimited-elements-for-elementor-premium\/assets_libraries\/font-awesome6\/fontawesome-all.min.css' type='text\/css' rel='stylesheet' >\n\t\t<link id='font-awesome-4-shim-css' href='https:\/\/2design.co\/globals\/wp-content\/plugins\/unlimited-elements-for-elementor-premium\/assets_libraries\/font-awesome6\/fontawesome-v4-shims.min.css' type='text\/css' rel='stylesheet' >\n\n<style>\/* widget: Content Accordion *\/\n\n\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_11f1646b *{\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_11f1646b .uc_ac_box\n{\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_11f1646b .ue_heading_title\n{\n  margin:0;\n  flex-grow:1;\n  display:flex;\n  flex-direction:row;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_11f1646b .uc_container .uc-heading\n{\n\tdisplay:flex;\n    align-items:center;\n\toverflow:hidden;\n\tcursor:pointer;\n  \n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_11f1646b .uc_container .uc_content\n{\n    display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_11f1646b .uc_container .uc-heading span.ue_accordion_icon\n{\n\tdisplay:flex;\n    align-items:center;\n   \tjustify-content:center;\n    flex-grow:0;\n    flex-shrink:0;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_11f1646b .uc_ac_box.uc-item-active span.uc_dactive\n{\n\tdisplay:none;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_11f1646b .uc_ac_box:not(.uc-item-active) span.uc_active\n{\n\tdisplay:none;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_11f1646b span.ue_accordion_icon svg\n{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_11f1646b .uc_container .uc_btn {\n\n    text-align: center;\n    display: inline-block;\n    text-decoration: none;\n    transition: ease-in-out all 0.25s;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_11f1646b .ue-item-image img\n{\n  width:100%;\n  display:block;\n  object-fit:cover;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"uc_material_accordion  \"  id=\"uc_content_accordion_elementor_11f1646b\"  data-name=\"\" data-scroll=\"off\" data-offset=\"0\" data-closeothers=\"true\" data-set-hash=\"false\" >\n  <div class=\"uc_container uc-items-wrapper\">\n    \n\n\t\t\n\n<div id=\"#ue-tab1\" class=\"uc_ac_box elementor-repeater-item-952c1be uc-item-active\" style=\"background-color:;\">\n  <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\" role=\"button\">\n    <span class=\"uc_dactive bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class=''><\/i><\/span> \n    <span class=\"uc_active bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class=''><\/i><\/span>\n    <div class=\"ue_heading_title\">Policy vision<\/div>\n  <\/a>\n  \n  <div class=\"uc_content\" style='display:block'>\n        \n      \n         \n                      \n            <div class=\"ue-item-title\"><\/div>\n      \n              <div class=\"ue-item-text\"><p>Governments should consider global catastrophic risk (GCR) as a priority. Policymakers should be incentivized to focus on the future or uncertain outcomes, including potential global crises and catastrophes. Political and public officials should have the adequate skills to deliver highly capable and effective policy implementation for GCR. Government officials should have the right guidance, frameworks, tools, capabilities and resources to manage national risk.<\/p><\/div>\n      \n              \n      <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n\t\t\n\n<div id=\"#ue-tab2\" class=\"uc_ac_box elementor-repeater-item-3809abf uc-item-active\" style=\"background-color:;\">\n  <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\" role=\"button\">\n    <span class=\"uc_dactive bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class=''><\/i><\/span> \n    <span class=\"uc_active bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class=''><\/i><\/span>\n    <div class=\"ue_heading_title\">Policy problem<\/div>\n  <\/a>\n  \n  <div class=\"uc_content\" style='display:block'>\n        \n      \n         \n                      \n            <div class=\"ue-item-title\"><\/div>\n      \n              <div class=\"ue-item-text\"><p>National governments often struggle with governing risk of national significance, which extends to poor governance of global catastrophic risk, due to a number of factors. There is little political accountability for the future, especially for risk. Political systems, and the government establishment that supports it, respond poorly to evolving, emerging or chronic risk and challenges. Ownership of risk across government is often either lacking or unclear. Many countries, governments and government agencies lack a risk culture. And governments generally do not consider how legislation, policies, regulations and government practices might cause unintended consequences on national risk, including GCR.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n      \n              \n      <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n\t\t\n\n<div id=\"#ue-tab3\" class=\"uc_ac_box elementor-repeater-item-a4eaea1 uc-item-active\" style=\"background-color:;\">\n  <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\" role=\"button\">\n    <span class=\"uc_dactive bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class=''><\/i><\/span> \n    <span class=\"uc_active bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class=''><\/i><\/span>\n    <div class=\"ue_heading_title\">Policy options<\/div>\n  <\/a>\n  \n  <div class=\"uc_content\" style='display:block'>\n        \n      \n         \n                      \n            <div class=\"ue-item-title\"><\/div>\n      \n              <div class=\"ue-item-text\"><p>Governments must establish risk governance to ensure that risk reduction, including prevention and preparedness, are maximally effective.<\/p><ul><li>Policy guidance and strategic planning: Governments must set a clear direction for reduction of national risk.<\/li><li>Architecture and institutional design: Governments must establish effective and empowered structures for managing national risk, including GCR.<\/li><li>Decision-making processes: Governments need to implement decision-making processes that enable quick and decisive action in the face of national risk and GCR.<\/li><li>Risk financing and budgeting: Governments must incentivize risk reduction and ensure risk reduction is adequately financed.<\/li><li>Personnel and culture: Governments should enhance the mindset and capabilities of policymakers towards risk reduction.<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n      \n              \n      <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<!-- end Content Accordion -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-357de570 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"357de570\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38b0f6db elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"38b0f6db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-687c71c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"687c71c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-decfa6b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"decfa6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b77d420 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b77d420\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The policy options<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4821804 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4821804\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Governments must establish risk governance to ensure that risk reduction, including prevention and preparedness, are maximally effective.<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Policy guidance and strategic planning<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Governments must set a clear direction for reduction of national risk. This includes developing overarching policy frameworks and strategies that establish priorities, objectives and policies for managing global catastrophic risk.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Architecture and institutional design<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Governments must establish effective and empowered structures for managing national risk, including GCR. This involves creating oversight mechanisms and organizational structures across government agencies dedicated to managing national risk.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Decision-making processes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Governments need to implement decision-making processes that enable quick and decisive action in the face of national risk and GCR. This includes setting up mechanisms and processes that ensure policymakers better consider policies that reduce GCR.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Risk financing and budgeting<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Governments must incentivize risk reduction and ensure risk reduction is adequately financed. This includes supporting risk reduction efforts with adequate financial resourcing and analysis.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Personnel and culture<\/b><span>: Governments should enhance the mindset and capabilities of policymakers towards risk reduction.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de7d72e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"de7d72e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-913781d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"913781d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e7580c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2e7580c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Policy guidance and strategic planning: setting a clear direction for reduction of national risk, including GCR\n\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3a347b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3a347b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4894ab6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_content_accordion\" data-id=\"4894ab6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_content_accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Content Accordion -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Content Accordion *\/\n\n\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_4894ab6 *{\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_4894ab6 .uc_ac_box\n{\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_4894ab6 .ue_heading_title\n{\n  margin:0;\n  flex-grow:1;\n  display:flex;\n  flex-direction:row;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_4894ab6 .uc_container .uc-heading\n{\n\tdisplay:flex;\n    align-items:center;\n\toverflow:hidden;\n\tcursor:pointer;\n  \n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_4894ab6 .uc_container .uc_content\n{\n    display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_4894ab6 .uc_container .uc-heading span.ue_accordion_icon\n{\n\tdisplay:flex;\n    align-items:center;\n   \tjustify-content:center;\n    flex-grow:0;\n    flex-shrink:0;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_4894ab6 .uc_ac_box.uc-item-active span.uc_dactive\n{\n\tdisplay:none;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_4894ab6 .uc_ac_box:not(.uc-item-active) span.uc_active\n{\n\tdisplay:none;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_4894ab6 span.ue_accordion_icon svg\n{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_4894ab6 .uc_container .uc_btn {\n\n    text-align: center;\n    display: inline-block;\n    text-decoration: none;\n    transition: ease-in-out all 0.25s;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_4894ab6 .ue-item-image img\n{\n  width:100%;\n  display:block;\n  object-fit:cover;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"uc_material_accordion  \"  id=\"uc_content_accordion_elementor_4894ab6\"  data-name=\"\" data-scroll=\"off\" data-offset=\"0\" data-closeothers=\"true\" data-set-hash=\"false\" >\n  <div class=\"uc_container uc-items-wrapper\">\n    \n\n\n<div id=\"#ue-tab1\" class=\"uc_ac_box elementor-repeater-item-4fa9a69 \" style=\"background-color:;\">\n  <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\" role=\"button\">\n    <span class=\"uc_dactive bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-plus'><\/i><\/span> \n    <span class=\"uc_active bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-minus'><\/i><\/span>\n    <div class=\"ue_heading_title\">Policy action 1: Specify global catastrophic risk as a government priority<\/div>\n  <\/a>\n  \n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n        \n      \n         \n                      \n            <div class=\"ue-item-title\"><\/div>\n      \n              <div class=\"ue-item-text\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Simple option: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Include consideration of global catastrophic risk within key strategic guidance or documents, such as national security and defense strategies.<\/span><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Advanced option: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Develop legislation or a proclamation from the head of government that specifically outlines GCR as a government priority and tasks government agencies to consider GCR in their policymaking.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n      \n              \n      <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"#ue-tab2\" class=\"uc_ac_box elementor-repeater-item-93c0d71 \" style=\"background-color:;\">\n  <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\" role=\"button\">\n    <span class=\"uc_dactive bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-plus'><\/i><\/span> \n    <span class=\"uc_active bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-minus'><\/i><\/span>\n    <div class=\"ue_heading_title\">Policy action 2: Develop a national risk strategy<\/div>\n  <\/a>\n  \n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n        \n      \n         \n                      \n            <div class=\"ue-item-title\"><\/div>\n      \n              <div class=\"ue-item-text\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Simple option<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">: Develop an overarching national risk framework and synthesize strategic policy documents (such as for security, defense, intelligence, health, the economy and foreign policy) within this framework, along with a plan to update the underpinning strategies in a coordinated manner.<\/span><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Advanced option<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">: Develop an all-hazard national risk and resilience strategy, with a view to outlining the objectives for national risk reduction and whole-of-government direction for treating national risk, including GCR.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Case study 1: National risk and resilience strategy<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">National governments employ various strategic documents to guide policy, set priorities and allocate resources to advance or protect national interests. For threats to the nation, governments typically develop documents such as national security strategies.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, a national security strategy remains an awkward guiding policy when the threat or hazard comes from outside the traditional security domain. Policy-makers are increasingly recognizing that threats to national well-being and security can come from many non-traditional security sources, such as climate change, disease outbreaks, space weather, economic instability and demographic shifts. For example, the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">US National Security Strategy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of 2022 has sections on climate and energy security, pandemics and biodefense, and food insecurity.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Developed by security, defense and intelligence agencies, these strategies suffer from a lack of expertise in areas like public health, the environment or economics. It therefore might undervalue or ignore the risk from those global threats. Security frameworks might also be biased towards certain actions, such as surveillance or use of force, that are illegal, inappropriate or counterproductive for addressing non-security threats.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A \u201cnational risk and resilience strategy\u201d would consider all potential threats and hazards to national interest. Although no country has developed such a strategy, the UK\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/integrated-review-refresh-2023-responding-to-a-more-contested-and-volatile-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Integrated Review<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> considered foreign policy, security, defense and development in a holistic manner. Published in March 2021, and refreshed in March 2023, it took a more holistic view to the UK's role in the world. It also committed the UK Government to a new National Resilience Strategy and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/the-uk-government-resilience-framework\/the-uk-government-resilience-framework-html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">National Resilience Framework<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which aims to set out \u201cthe plan to 2030 to strengthen the frameworks, systems and capabilities which underpin the UK\u2019s resilience to all civil contingencies risks.\u201d Laudably, it sets out that, by 2030, \u201cthere will be clear ownership of all risks, including complex and catastrophic risks, underpinned by sharpened governance and accountability.\u201d<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n      \n              \n      <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"#ue-tab3\" class=\"uc_ac_box elementor-repeater-item-b9371cc \" style=\"background-color:;\">\n  <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\" role=\"button\">\n    <span class=\"uc_dactive bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-plus'><\/i><\/span> \n    <span class=\"uc_active bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-minus'><\/i><\/span>\n    <div class=\"ue_heading_title\">Policy action 3: Develop a risk management process for agencies to manage national risk within their portfolio<\/div>\n  <\/a>\n  \n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n        \n      \n         \n                      \n            <div class=\"ue-item-title\"><\/div>\n      \n              <div class=\"ue-item-text\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Simple option<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">: Develop and implement an agency-level risk management process that covers risks to policy and programmatic delivery within the portfolio.<\/span><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Advanced option<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">: Develop a whole-of-government risk management framework.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n      \n              \n      <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<!-- end Content Accordion -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c00cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"48c00cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d00c284 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d00c284\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9dc1420 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9dc1420\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Architecture and institutional design: establishing effective and empowered structures for managing national risk, including GCR<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d792d15 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d792d15\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876cb36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_content_accordion\" data-id=\"876cb36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_content_accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Content Accordion -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Content Accordion *\/\n\n\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_876cb36 *{\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_876cb36 .uc_ac_box\n{\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_876cb36 .ue_heading_title\n{\n  margin:0;\n  flex-grow:1;\n  display:flex;\n  flex-direction:row;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_876cb36 .uc_container .uc-heading\n{\n\tdisplay:flex;\n    align-items:center;\n\toverflow:hidden;\n\tcursor:pointer;\n  \n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_876cb36 .uc_container .uc_content\n{\n    display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_876cb36 .uc_container .uc-heading span.ue_accordion_icon\n{\n\tdisplay:flex;\n    align-items:center;\n   \tjustify-content:center;\n    flex-grow:0;\n    flex-shrink:0;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_876cb36 .uc_ac_box.uc-item-active span.uc_dactive\n{\n\tdisplay:none;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_876cb36 .uc_ac_box:not(.uc-item-active) span.uc_active\n{\n\tdisplay:none;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_876cb36 span.ue_accordion_icon svg\n{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_876cb36 .uc_container .uc_btn {\n\n    text-align: center;\n    display: inline-block;\n    text-decoration: none;\n    transition: ease-in-out all 0.25s;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_876cb36 .ue-item-image img\n{\n  width:100%;\n  display:block;\n  object-fit:cover;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"uc_material_accordion  \"  id=\"uc_content_accordion_elementor_876cb36\"  data-name=\"\" data-scroll=\"off\" data-offset=\"0\" data-closeothers=\"true\" data-set-hash=\"false\" >\n  <div class=\"uc_container uc-items-wrapper\">\n    \n\n\n<div id=\"#ue-tab1\" class=\"uc_ac_box elementor-repeater-item-4fa9a69 \" style=\"background-color:;\">\n  <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\" role=\"button\">\n    <span class=\"uc_dactive bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-plus'><\/i><\/span> \n    <span class=\"uc_active bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-minus'><\/i><\/span>\n    <div class=\"ue_heading_title\">Policy action 4: Appoint a \u2018National Chief Risk Officer\u2019 to lead whole-of-government national risk efforts<\/div>\n  <\/a>\n  \n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n        \n      \n         \n                      \n            <div class=\"ue-item-title\"><\/div>\n      \n              <div class=\"ue-item-text\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Simple option<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">:\u00a0 Appoint a senior official as \u2018National Chief Risk Officer\u2019, supported by an organization that is responsible for conducting the national risk assessment process, commissioning and conducting analysis and early warning, overseeing that risk preparedness and resilience, and coordinating responses across government for national emergencies.<\/span><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Advanced option<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">: Appoint a Cabinet-level \u2018National Chief Risk Officer\u2019, who, in addition to the above, develops strategies to reduce and manage risk, coordinates responses across government when crises emerge, engages with civil society and industry, and leads a detailed risk review for major policy decisions.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Case study 2: National chief risk officer<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proposals to appoint a country risk officer role were made by multilateral financial institutions following the global financial crisis. The concept was based on Chief Risk Officer roles and Audit and Risk Management Committees in banking and financial services companies.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The World Economic Forum first introduced the idea of a country risk officer in its Global Risks 2007 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_Global_Risks_Report_2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">report<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and delved deeper into the concept in its 2008 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_Global_Risks_Report_2008.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">report<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The OECD also discussed this concept in their <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/one.oecd.org\/document\/GOV\/PGC(2008)24\/En\/pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Symposium on Managing Risk in the Public Sector<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The World Bank, in its World Development <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/entities\/publication\/8b0ce20f-98e5-5a1b-a069-9ddc42addc76\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Report<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2014, suggested that every country establish a national risk board to analyze threats, assess risk management policies, define risk management priorities and make policy recommendations.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To date, it is not clear if any countries have implemented these proposals. However, establishing dedicated roles and structures for coordinating national risk efforts has garnered support in the UK. A 2021 House of Lords <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/lordslibrary.parliament.uk\/preparing-for-extreme-risks-lords-committee-report\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">report<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> titled \"Preparing for Extreme Risks\" advocated creating an Office for Preparedness and Resilience led by a Government Chief Risk Officer. This report also emphasized the need for enhanced parliamentary oversight, ministerial governance and specialized risk structures. The UK Government pushed back on this proposal because of the creation of a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/656def711104cf0013fa7498\/The_UK_Government_Resilience_Framework_2023_Implementation_Update.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">head of resilience role<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> established in the Cabinet Office.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n      \n              \n      <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"#ue-tab2\" class=\"uc_ac_box elementor-repeater-item-93c0d71 \" style=\"background-color:;\">\n  <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\" role=\"button\">\n    <span class=\"uc_dactive bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-plus'><\/i><\/span> \n    <span class=\"uc_active bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-minus'><\/i><\/span>\n    <div class=\"ue_heading_title\">Policy action 5: Create independent oversight over national risk efforts<\/div>\n  <\/a>\n  \n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n        \n      \n         \n                      \n            <div class=\"ue-item-title\"><\/div>\n      \n              <div class=\"ue-item-text\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Simple option<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">: Establish an independent oversight function for national risk efforts across government that functions in an advisory capacity, reviewing and assessing government policy on the degree to which it exacerbates or reduces national and global risk.<\/span><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Advanced option<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">: Establish an independent auditory body, which provides impartial evaluations of government policy towards national risk, provides regular reporting to the legislature to ensure transparency in how the government is addressing national risk, and conducts continuous monitoring and evaluation of risk management policies and practices to identify gaps and areas for improvement.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Case study 3: Government oversight functions<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A range of independent and impartial functions can hold government actions to account. These functions play an important role in ensuring accountability, transparency and efficiency in public sector operations. They can be standing institutions or ad-hoc arrangements, as well as sit within the legislative branch or executive branch.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Supreme audit functions are typically independent functions established by constitutional or legislative authority outside normal government operations. For example, the US\u2019s Government Accountability Office is an independent agency that works for Congress to audit federal spending and advise on how to improve government effectiveness and efficiency. National audit offices, such as in the UK, Canada and Australia, are tasked with auditing and evaluating government functions, and providing recommendations to enhance transparency and accountability.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On a more targeted or ad-hoc basis, commissions and investigations can be established, such as Congressional Commissions in the US and Royal Commissions in the Westminster systems. Commissions are typically established in response to specific circumstances, particularly when an in-depth, independent investigation is required, perhaps due to national crisis, government mismanagement or a call for reform for long-term systemic challenges.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In some instances, a specific individual is appointed to carry out investigations and maintain internal accountability. Inspectors General, for example, can serve as an internal control mechanism to help ensure that large or complex agencies operate with integrity and efficiency.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An independent oversight function for policy on national and global risk is required because governments are not inherently focused on long-term, complex or uncertain risk. Similar to the audit and risk committees of corporate boards, this function would serve as the last line of defense for global catastrophic risk, which is the most ignored or dismissed aspect of national risk. A somewhat analogous institution is the UK\u2019s Climate Change Authority, which provides specialized oversight and recommendations to mitigate the impact of climate change. <\/span><\/p><\/div>\n      \n              \n      <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<!-- end Content Accordion -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d84a69e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d84a69e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efaa58c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"efaa58c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02f5ae5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02f5ae5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Decision-making processes: enabling quick and decisive action on national risk policy\n\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dfe818 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2dfe818\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a00846 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_content_accordion\" data-id=\"1a00846\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_content_accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Content Accordion -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Content Accordion *\/\n\n\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_1a00846 *{\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_1a00846 .uc_ac_box\n{\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_1a00846 .ue_heading_title\n{\n  margin:0;\n  flex-grow:1;\n  display:flex;\n  flex-direction:row;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_1a00846 .uc_container .uc-heading\n{\n\tdisplay:flex;\n    align-items:center;\n\toverflow:hidden;\n\tcursor:pointer;\n  \n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_1a00846 .uc_container .uc_content\n{\n    display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_1a00846 .uc_container .uc-heading span.ue_accordion_icon\n{\n\tdisplay:flex;\n    align-items:center;\n   \tjustify-content:center;\n    flex-grow:0;\n    flex-shrink:0;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_1a00846 .uc_ac_box.uc-item-active span.uc_dactive\n{\n\tdisplay:none;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_1a00846 .uc_ac_box:not(.uc-item-active) span.uc_active\n{\n\tdisplay:none;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_1a00846 span.ue_accordion_icon svg\n{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_1a00846 .uc_container .uc_btn {\n\n    text-align: center;\n    display: inline-block;\n    text-decoration: none;\n    transition: ease-in-out all 0.25s;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_1a00846 .ue-item-image img\n{\n  width:100%;\n  display:block;\n  object-fit:cover;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"uc_material_accordion  \"  id=\"uc_content_accordion_elementor_1a00846\"  data-name=\"\" data-scroll=\"off\" data-offset=\"0\" data-closeothers=\"true\" data-set-hash=\"false\" >\n  <div class=\"uc_container uc-items-wrapper\">\n    \n\n\n<div id=\"#ue-tab1\" class=\"uc_ac_box elementor-repeater-item-4fa9a69 \" style=\"background-color:;\">\n  <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\" role=\"button\">\n    <span class=\"uc_dactive bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-plus'><\/i><\/span> \n    <span class=\"uc_active bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-minus'><\/i><\/span>\n    <div class=\"ue_heading_title\">Policy action 6: Establish mechanisms to coordinate and decide on national and global risk policy<\/div>\n  <\/a>\n  \n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n        \n      \n         \n                      \n            <div class=\"ue-item-title\"><\/div>\n      \n              <div class=\"ue-item-text\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Simple option<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">: Create interagency policy coordination committees to lead the development, coordination and implementation of whole-of-government policy for each of the key emerging and catastrophic threats, such as nuclear risk, climate risk, pandemic risk or technological risk.<\/span><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Advanced option<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">: Establish a Catastrophic Risk subcommittee of Cabinet or National Security Committee, with the head or deputy head of government as chair of the committee, to direct government actions on all-hazards risk policy.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n      \n              \n      <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"#ue-tab2\" class=\"uc_ac_box elementor-repeater-item-93c0d71 \" style=\"background-color:;\">\n  <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\" role=\"button\">\n    <span class=\"uc_dactive bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-plus'><\/i><\/span> \n    <span class=\"uc_active bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-minus'><\/i><\/span>\n    <div class=\"ue_heading_title\">Policy action 7: Assess impact of new policy on national and global risk<\/div>\n  <\/a>\n  \n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n        \n      \n         \n                      \n            <div class=\"ue-item-title\"><\/div>\n      \n              <div class=\"ue-item-text\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Simple option<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">: Require that new policies receive a \u201cRisk Impact Assessment\u201d, which would evaluate the impact of major policy decisions on the likelihood or consequence of national and global risk, potentially conducted by the Chief Risk Officer.<\/span><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Advanced option<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">: Legislate the need for a \u201cRisk Impact Assessment\u201d for all new legislation, potentially conducted by the independent risk oversight function.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Case study 4: Impact assessments<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Governments around the world conduct impact assessment of policy decisions on various issues. With varying levels of enforcement, scope, detail and process, government agencies are tasked with evaluating the impact of new policy or actions on other government priorities, including social issues, health outcomes and gender equality.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the most common and well-established type. EIAs are tools that most countries require, especially in regards to the impact of a physical development like infrastructure. Strategic environmental assessments (SEAs) require that the impacts of adopting a government program or policy on the environment is assessed. Almost all countries have legislated some form of EIA, and at least 40 countries have SEA systems in place, including all European Union members. These forms of assessment have varying degrees of effectiveness, depending on the application of the process and the mechanism for it to shape policy decisions.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A \u201cRisk Impact Assessment\u201d in the vein of the EIA or SEA would be a powerful tool to evaluate how new legislation, policy or government programs would contribute to national or global risk, including global catastrophic risk. The assessment would provide policymakers with a comprehensive understanding of how new policies might directly or indirectly influence risk to the nation, and provide a mechanism for the public to hold the government to account on its impact on global risk.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legislating or mandating both the delivery of the assessment and the consideration of the assessment on policy will be critical to success. Otherwise, these types of assessments are likely to become ignored and poorly delivered.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n      \n              \n      <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<!-- end Content Accordion -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ceda361 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ceda361\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f16366 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5f16366\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0800893 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0800893\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Risk financing and budgeting: Incentivize risk reduction and ensure risk reduction is adequately financed\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d88bdb1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d88bdb1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9211d88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_content_accordion\" data-id=\"9211d88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_content_accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Content Accordion -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Content Accordion *\/\n\n\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_9211d88 *{\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_9211d88 .uc_ac_box\n{\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_9211d88 .ue_heading_title\n{\n  margin:0;\n  flex-grow:1;\n  display:flex;\n  flex-direction:row;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_9211d88 .uc_container .uc-heading\n{\n\tdisplay:flex;\n    align-items:center;\n\toverflow:hidden;\n\tcursor:pointer;\n  \n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_9211d88 .uc_container .uc_content\n{\n    display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_9211d88 .uc_container .uc-heading span.ue_accordion_icon\n{\n\tdisplay:flex;\n    align-items:center;\n   \tjustify-content:center;\n    flex-grow:0;\n    flex-shrink:0;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_9211d88 .uc_ac_box.uc-item-active span.uc_dactive\n{\n\tdisplay:none;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_9211d88 .uc_ac_box:not(.uc-item-active) span.uc_active\n{\n\tdisplay:none;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_9211d88 span.ue_accordion_icon svg\n{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_9211d88 .uc_container .uc_btn {\n\n    text-align: center;\n    display: inline-block;\n    text-decoration: none;\n    transition: ease-in-out all 0.25s;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_9211d88 .ue-item-image img\n{\n  width:100%;\n  display:block;\n  object-fit:cover;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"uc_material_accordion  \"  id=\"uc_content_accordion_elementor_9211d88\"  data-name=\"\" data-scroll=\"off\" data-offset=\"0\" data-closeothers=\"true\" data-set-hash=\"false\" >\n  <div class=\"uc_container uc-items-wrapper\">\n    \n\n\n<div id=\"#ue-tab1\" class=\"uc_ac_box elementor-repeater-item-4fa9a69 \" style=\"background-color:;\">\n  <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\" role=\"button\">\n    <span class=\"uc_dactive bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-plus'><\/i><\/span> \n    <span class=\"uc_active bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-minus'><\/i><\/span>\n    <div class=\"ue_heading_title\">Policy action 8: Dedicate government finance towards risk management efforts<\/div>\n  <\/a>\n  \n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n        \n      \n         \n                      \n            <div class=\"ue-item-title\"><\/div>\n      \n              <div class=\"ue-item-text\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Simple option: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Establish a fund which disburses a predetermined amount to risk reduction proposals put forward by federal agencies or state and local governments.<\/span><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Advanced option: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Dedicate a portion of each year\u2019s national budget to policies that reduce national and global risk, with specific percentages earmarked for risk prevention, preparedness, response and recovery efforts, and for global catastrophic risk in general.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n      \n              \n      <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"#ue-tab2\" class=\"uc_ac_box elementor-repeater-item-93c0d71 \" style=\"background-color:;\">\n  <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\" role=\"button\">\n    <span class=\"uc_dactive bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-plus'><\/i><\/span> \n    <span class=\"uc_active bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-minus'><\/i><\/span>\n    <div class=\"ue_heading_title\">Policy action 9: Incorporate risk analysis into the role of budget and treasury offices <\/div>\n  <\/a>\n  \n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n        \n      \n         \n                      \n            <div class=\"ue-item-title\"><\/div>\n      \n              <div class=\"ue-item-text\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Simple option: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Conduct a long-term fiscal analysis that considers a range of shocks, crises and catastrophes.<\/span><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Advanced option: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Use \u201cRisk-Based Budgeting\u201d for integrating risk considerations in the government budget cycle to inform budget planning, contingency funding, and infrastructure and investment decisions.<\/span><\/p><p><strong>Case study 5: Disaster risk-based budgeting<\/strong><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/en\/governance\/budgeting-resilience-blueprint-incorporating-disaster-risk-governments-budgets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disaster risk-based budgeting<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (DRRB) is an emerging practice to incorporate disaster risk considerations during various stages of government budgeting processes. In general, governments have poor processes for managing the financial aspect of disaster response, let alone considering disasters across the budget cycle. For example, disasters should be considered when preparing budgets to identify and quantify costs, inform management of public assets, and forecast shocks to revenue. In managing\u00a0 budgets and government finances, mechanisms are needed to\u00a0 allocate, track and audit expenditure and disbursements.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 created the National Disaster Risk Reduction and<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Management Fund (NDRRMF). It is funded annually under the General Appropriations Act (GAA) for the prevention, preparedness, recovery and reconstruction efforts of disasters, both natural or human-induced.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This concept could be broadened to apply to nationally significant risk, including global catastrophic risk. By integrating risk into government budgets, governments can better manage the economic and fiscal impacts of risk, ensure more efficient and transparent use of resources during and after disasters and crises, and incentivize government agencies and other actors to reduce risk. A more holistic approach to budgeting risk would better capture all the types of global crises that might severely impact national finances or require government support, including pandemics, supply chain breakdowns and conflict.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n      \n              \n      <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<!-- end Content Accordion -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9d7a21 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c9d7a21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f109847 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f109847\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1494665 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1494665\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Personnel and culture: Enhance policymakers\u2019 mindsets and capabilities around risk reduction<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f7d719 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f7d719\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f744159 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_content_accordion\" data-id=\"f744159\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_content_accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Content Accordion -->\n\n<style>\/* widget: Content Accordion *\/\n\n\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_f744159 *{\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_f744159 .uc_ac_box\n{\n  overflow:hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_f744159 .ue_heading_title\n{\n  margin:0;\n  flex-grow:1;\n  display:flex;\n  flex-direction:row;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_f744159 .uc_container .uc-heading\n{\n\tdisplay:flex;\n    align-items:center;\n\toverflow:hidden;\n\tcursor:pointer;\n  \n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_f744159 .uc_container .uc_content\n{\n    display:none;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_f744159 .uc_container .uc-heading span.ue_accordion_icon\n{\n\tdisplay:flex;\n    align-items:center;\n   \tjustify-content:center;\n    flex-grow:0;\n    flex-shrink:0;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_f744159 .uc_ac_box.uc-item-active span.uc_dactive\n{\n\tdisplay:none;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_f744159 .uc_ac_box:not(.uc-item-active) span.uc_active\n{\n\tdisplay:none;\n}\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_f744159 span.ue_accordion_icon svg\n{\n  height:1em;\n  width:1em;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_f744159 .uc_container .uc_btn {\n\n    text-align: center;\n    display: inline-block;\n    text-decoration: none;\n    transition: ease-in-out all 0.25s;\n}\n\n#uc_content_accordion_elementor_f744159 .ue-item-image img\n{\n  width:100%;\n  display:block;\n  object-fit:cover;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"uc_material_accordion  \"  id=\"uc_content_accordion_elementor_f744159\"  data-name=\"\" data-scroll=\"off\" data-offset=\"0\" data-closeothers=\"true\" data-set-hash=\"false\" >\n  <div class=\"uc_container uc-items-wrapper\">\n    \n\n\n<div id=\"#ue-tab1\" class=\"uc_ac_box elementor-repeater-item-4fa9a69 \" style=\"background-color:;\">\n  <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\" role=\"button\">\n    <span class=\"uc_dactive bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-plus'><\/i><\/span> \n    <span class=\"uc_active bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-minus'><\/i><\/span>\n    <div class=\"ue_heading_title\">Policy action 10: Train policy-makers around risk<\/div>\n  <\/a>\n  \n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n        \n      \n         \n                      \n            <div class=\"ue-item-title\"><\/div>\n      \n              <div class=\"ue-item-text\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Simple option: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Create a \u2018risk management in public policy\u2019 course (covering broad risk management frameworks and approaches) which is delivered as mandatory training to all incoming civil servants.<\/span><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Advanced option: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Create a \u201cnational risk college\u201d that builds the knowledge of government officials at all levels on risk management and facilitates sharing of experiences, lessons learned and best practices across government.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n      \n              \n      <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"#ue-tab2\" class=\"uc_ac_box elementor-repeater-item-93c0d71 \" style=\"background-color:;\">\n  <a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"uc-heading uc_trigger\" role=\"button\">\n    <span class=\"uc_dactive bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-plus'><\/i><\/span> \n    <span class=\"uc_active bbb ue_accordion_icon\"><i class='fas fa-minus'><\/i><\/span>\n    <div class=\"ue_heading_title\">Policy action 11: Support innovation and creativity in risk management practices<\/div>\n  <\/a>\n  \n  <div class=\"uc_content\" >\n        \n      \n         \n                      \n            <div class=\"ue-item-title\"><\/div>\n      \n              <div class=\"ue-item-text\"><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Advanced option: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Develop a regulatory sandbox \u2013 to test and deploy solutions and technologies under relaxed regulatory oversight \u2013 for innovative risk management solutions provided from civil society, startups and innovators, and state and local governments.<\/span><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Advanced option: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 500;\">Establish a risk management incubator that serves as a focal point for driving innovation, research and solutions related to national risk, including GCR.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n      \n              \n      <\/div> \n<\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<!-- end Content Accordion -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This policy brief was developed by Global Shield\u2019s policy team, led by cofounder and Director of Policy, Rumtin Sepasspour. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6278,"template":"","categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6303","report","type-report","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-policy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How governments can better govern global catastrophic risk<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This policy brief was developed by Global Shield\u2019s policy team. 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